Sam Rayburn Amerikos politikas

Sam Rayburn, visas Samuelis Taliaferro Rayburnas (g. 1882 m. Sausio 6 d. Roane grafystėje, Tenesis, JAV - mirė 1961 m. Lapkričio 16 d. Bonhame, Teksase), Amerikos politinis lyderis, buvęs JAV rūmų pirmininku. Atstovai beveik 17 metų. Pirmą kartą jis buvo išrinktas į namus 1912 m. Ir nepertraukiamai tarnavo 48 metus 8 mėnesius, o tai jo mirties metu buvo rekordinė. Jis buvo išrinktas į kongresą 25 kartus iš eilės. Jo atmintyje buvo įvardytas „Rayburn House“ biurų pastatas - kongreso biurų pastatas ant Kapitolijaus kalno.

Viktorina

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Gyvenimas

Daugiausia Škotijos kilmės Rayburn šeima persikėlė iš Tenesio į Teksasą 1887 m., Ten Rayburn užaugo 40 arų ūkyje. Jis dirbo per Rytų Teksaso normalųjį koledžą (dabar Teksaso A&M universitetas - komercija), dėstė mokyklą ir tapo teisininku. Šešerius metus (1907–13) jis dirbo Teksaso Atstovų rūmuose ir 1911 m. Buvo išrinktas pranešėju. Kitais metais jis buvo išrinktas į JAV Kongresą, kuriame išbuvo beveik pusę amžiaus.

Energingas, kruopštus, ambicingas ir meilus, Rayburn greitai tapo įtakingas užkulisiuose vyriausybėje ir partijos politikoje. Būdamas galingo tarpvalstybinės ir užsienio prekybos rūmų komiteto pirmininku (1931–37), jis buvo pagrindinis naujojo susitarimo architektas. Būdamas Atstovų rūmų nariu, jis buvo šešių svarbių įstatymų - Avarinio geležinkelių transporto įstatymo, „Tiesos vertybiniuose popieriuose“, Biržos įstatymo, Federalinio ryšių įstatymo, Kaimo elektrifikavimo įstatymo ir vieno - bendraautorius. Labiausiai ginčijamų iš visų „New Deal“ įstatymų, Komunalinių paslaugų holdingo bendrovės įstatymas.

Rayburn was elected Democratic leader of the House of Representatives in 1937 and became speaker of the House on Sept. 16, 1940. He held the latter office for almost 17 years, exceeding by a wide margin the previous record set by Kentucky statesman Henry Clay in the first quarter of the 19th century. Noted for his tart common sense, his honesty, and his unflagging patriotism, Rayburn was a trusted adviser to Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and John F. Kennedy. A dedicated party man who described himself as a Democrat “without prefix, without suffix, and without apology,” Rayburn was often called “Mr. Democrat.” He was permanent chairman of the Democratic National Convention in 1948, 1952, and 1956. After he won the battle in 1961 to enlarge the House Committee on Rules—the hardest internal House struggle in 50 years—Rayburn’s health failed quickly. Before Congress adjourned that year, he went home to Bonham, Texas, where he died.

Legacy

At the time of his death, Rayburn was regarded as an extraordinarily able legislator who had gone on to become the most effective speaker of the House since Joe Cannon was divested of his power in 1910. That assessment of Rayburn did not change in the decades following his death. His pivotal role in the House as a broker between the Northern and Southern wings of the Democratic Party, however, was later better understood and appreciated. During Rayburn’s tenure, power in the House was lodged in the hands of committee chairs who gained their positions through seniority. Because the American South still was overwhelmingly Democratic and the Republican Party was not competitive there, Southern Democrats in the House—with their seniority and their control over chairs of committees—tended to have great power. Northern Democrats tended to be more liberal than their Southern counterparts, but their lack of seniority and committee chairs diminished their influence in the House. Rayburn brokered the interests of both wings of the Democratic Party.

Although the office of speaker at that time lacked great formal powers, Rayburn used the limited influence of the office to maximum advantage. He also relied heavily on his personal prestige, his skill at persuasion, and personal friendships built up over decades in the House to bridge the regional differences within the Democratic Party and to forge a working majority in the House. His leadership style usually resulted in congenial relations not only between the Northern and Southern wings of the Democratic Party but also between Rayburn and the Republican leadership of the House—a considerable accomplishment, especially when viewed in the light of the divisive House of Representatives in the early 21st century.